COVID-19: Pulsão de morte ou Pulsão de vida?

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Deise Aparecida Gimenes Rodrigues
Pedagoga, Psicopedagoga e Psicanalista

E de repente,
o planeta clama
o ser humano
a ser humano
grande oportunidade!

 

Vivemos uma situação de pandemia resultante do Coronavírus – COVID 19 – que ameaça a própria sobrevivência. É o desafio que se apresenta à humanidade nesse momento. Todos estamos nesse processo!

Mas o que é o coronavírus? O que é a COVID 19? Por que se desenhou uma pandemia? Por que essa doença e o movimento resultante desse processo nos atingem tanto emocionalmente?

De acordo com site do Ministério da Saúde, os coronavírus humanos foram isolados pela primeira vez em 1937. No entanto, somente em 1965, o vírus foi descrito como coronavírus em decorrência do seu perfil na microscopia, que se assemelha a uma coroa.

A maioria das pessoas tem contato com os coronavírus comuns ao longo da vida, sendo as crianças mais propensas a se infectarem com o tipo comum do vírus. Eles são o alpha coronavírus 229E e NL63 e o beta coronavírus OC43 e HKU1.

É justamente por existirem outros coronavírus que o causador da atual pandemia é chamado de “novo coronavírus” – COVID-19. Esse é o nome oficial dado à doença provocada pelo Sars-Cov-2 e que iniciou sua evolução na China no final de 2019.

As pandemias geralmente se desenvolveram na história da humanidade muitas vezes, através do surgimento de novos e desconhecidos vírus. Não havendo defesas naturais contra eles, nem medicamentos eficazes ou vacinas, tais vírus conseguem infectar muitas pessoas num pequeno espaço de tempo e se espalhar facilmente, como estamos vendo neste momento, numa escala global, caracterizando assim uma pandemia.

Esse processo tem causado incerteza, insegurança, vulnerabilidade, medo, angústia, ansiedade e mudanças em nossa rotina. Diante dessa situação radical, essas novas experiências podem nos causar sintomas psíquicos de estresse e aparecimento ou agravamento de problemas em nossa saúde mental.

O isolamento forçado, o recolhimento, a introspecção, o silêncio, a dor, as perdas significativas, a empatia, o reconhecimento e a valorização do outro ser humano passam a ser um processo coletivo e mundial.

Poder reconhecer e pensar na realidade específica deste momento é condição necessária para tomarmos atitudes, iniciativas, escolhas e direcionamento em busca da superação e sobrevivência em face do que é vivido hoje. Afinal, se a vida tem um sentido, provavelmente o sofrimento que vivemos também o tenha. Mas como podemos realizar essa travessia? Aprisionados nos medos e desesperos ou recriando e ressignificando a vida a partir do presente?

Esses aspectos são apresentados na teoria das pulsões, em que Sigmund Freud (1920) descreve duas forças antagônicas constituintes de nosso psiquismo: i) pulsão de morte (Thanatos) que vai em direção à morte, à destruição, à compulsão à repetição e a autodestruição; ii) pulsão de vida (Eros) uma força com tendência à preservação da vida, em que se criam movimentos, ligações e mecanismos que tendem a gerar seguranças sociais e psíquicas e abertura para o novo e para o amanhã.

Ambas as pulsões não agem de forma isolada, mas em conjunto, segundo o princípio de conservação da vida. Mas qual delas estamos alimentando mais em nosso psiquismo individual e coletivo? Pulsão de vida ou Pulsão de morte?

Nesse momento difícil pelo qual passamos nem tudo é pânico, luto, depressão, paralização e medo. Outros sentimentos comuns despertados em momentos pandêmicos são a solidariedade, a empatia e a compaixão. O inesperado ato de amor ressurge nesse momento através de ações humanitárias individuais e coletivas, especialmente expressas em doações para a satisfação das necessidades básicas primárias, até os gestos mais simples de amor e alegria com o próximo.

A pandemia também pode acionar gatilhos mentais no nosso inconsciente, algo que se expressa por sentimentos e lembranças conflitantes. Contudo, nesse processo, algo novo pode surgir como um aprendizado, outro modo de olhar a si e a vida, um caminho diferente a ser trilhado, ou mesmo o retorno a algo importante que foi abandonado na vida do sujeito, mas que carecia de cuidado, atenção e investimento.

De modo geral, podemos buscar caminhos psíquicos para sairmos dos sofrimentos de formas variadas: por meio da resiliência, do exercício da criatividade, de trocas de experiências com o outro, da religiosidade, dos pensamentos positivos, da análise, da meditação, do cultivo da inteligência emocional. O que colocamos em movimento nesse processo é a própria pulsão de vida e o que a caracteriza são: a abertura para o novo, a possibilidade de superação, a criação de novos laços sociais amorosos e um acréscimo da qualidade de vida.

Se as nossas escolhas permanecerem imutáveis ou mais resistentes, estaremos recriando fundamentalmente o mesmo mundo, com os males, desequilíbrios e distúrbios de sempre, estado em que impera a pulsão de morte.

É necessário se renovar! Precisamos uns dos outros! Ainda há tempo! O que você deseja continuar alimentando?

 

Referência bibliográfica:

FREUD, Sigmund (1920-1922). Além do Princípio do Prazer, Psicologia de Grupo e outros trabalhos. In.J.Strachey, Edição Standard Brasileira da Obras Psicológicas Completas de Sigmund Freud (Vol. 18). Rio de Janeiro: Imago.

Site consultado
https://coronavirus.saude.gov.br/sobre-a-doenca#o-que-e-covid Acesso em 27/04/2020.

#Covid19 #Psicanálise #Pulsões

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